Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Prasad, Rajendra
- Historical Aspects of Milk Consumption in South, Southeast, and East Asia
Abstract Views :465 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, IN
1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, IN
Source
Asian Agri-History, Vol 21, No 4 (2017), Pagination: 287-307Abstract
Man has been using the milk of several animals, such as goat, sheep, cow, buffalo, horse, camel and donkey in different regions of the world since times immemorial. From the South, Southeast and East Asian viewpoint, cow, buffalo and goat milk are the most important. The contents of protein, fat, lactose and minerals differ considerably in milk from different animals. The per capita consumption of milk in Southeast and East Asia is very low and one of the reasons ascribed for this is high lactose intolerance in ethnic groups present in these regions. However, there are indications that continued use of milk and living near dairy farms can lead to lower lactose tolerance. Also milk products, such as, cheese and yogurt can be taken, without concern for lactose. Low consumption of milk has been held to be partly responsible for low male heights in this region. Currently, there is considerable global interest in the use of dairy proteins as supplements to improve metabolic health in humans and this should attract the attention of the people in South, Southeast and East Asia. With the establishment of Asian Dairy Network (DAN) in 2012, a good progress has been made in increasing the consumption of milk in Southeast and East Asia but it is still very low compared to other regions of the world. India has made commendable progress in dairy development and has emerged as the world's largest producer of milk, yet the per capita milk consumption is much lower than the average of the developed countries and it exports only 4% of its total produce. Indians used to be the major milk producers in Southeast Asia th th during 18 and 19 Century and it is high time that India seriously explores the ways and means of playing the key role in augmenting milk production and consumption in Southeast and East Asia. It has the advantage of being nearest to the region and of ethnic connectivity. Can India make the history repeat itself in its contribution towards milk production and consumption in Southeast and East Asia?References
- Abd El-Salam MH, and El-Shibiny S. 2011.A comprehensive review of consumption and preparation of buffalo milk. Dairy Science & Technology 91:663-669.
- Abraham ML and Gayathri SL. 2015. Milk consumption of crossbred and desi cattle maintained in the sub-tropical high ranges of Kerala. Indian Journal of Veterinary & Animal Science Research 44(1):53-55.
- Alami, S, Hervouet L, Poiraudeau S, Briot, K, and Roux, C. 2016. Barriers to Effective Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Treatment: A Qualitative Study of Patients' and Practitioners' Views.PLoS One. 2016;11(6): e0158365. [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158365.]
- Al-Ghamdi SM, Cameron EC, and Sutton R A . 1 9 9 4 . Magnesium difieciency: pathophysiological and clinincal review. American Journal of Kidney Disease24:737-754.
- Aoe S, Toba Y, Yamamura J, Kawakami H, Yahiro M, Kumegawa M, Itabashi A, and Takada Y. 2001. Controlled trial of the effects of milk basic protein (MBP) supplementation on bone metabolism in healthy adult women. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry 65(4):913-918.
- Anthony DW. 2010. The Horse, the Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World.Princeton University Press, NJ, USA. 553pp.
- Aziz MA. 2010. Present status of the world goat populations and their productivity. Lohmann Information 45(2):42 (October 2010).Basham AL. 2008. A Cultural History of India.Oxford University Press, New Delhi.606pp.
- Basnet S, Schneider M, Gazit A, Mander G, and Doctor A. 2010. First goat's milk for infants: myths and realities-A review. Pediatrics 125(4) e973-977.
- Black RE, William SM, Jones IE, and Goulding A. 2002. Children who avoid drinking milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76:675-680.
- Bollingino R, Burger J, Ponell A, Mashkour M, Vigne JD, and Thomas MG. 2012. Modern taurine cattle from small number of Near-East founders. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29(9): 2101-2104.
- Bulliet R. 1990. The Camel and the Wheel. Morningside Book Series, Columbia University Press, USA, 183pp.
- Chen ST.1989. Impact of school milk programme on the nutrient status of school children. Asia Pacic Journal of Public Health 3(1): 19-25.
- Cheng S and Meade D. 2003. Growth of radiate pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) as influenced by understory species in a silvopastoral systems in Newzealand. Agroforestry Systems 59: 43-51.
- Clark SF. 2009. Iron deficiency anemia: diagnosis and management. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 25:122126.
- Cockrill WR (ed.). 1974. The Husbandry and Health of Domestic Buffalo. FAO, Rome, Italy.
- Cosentino C, Freschi P, Paolino R, and Valentini V. 2013. Market sustainability of jenny milk cosmetics. Emirates Journal of Food & Agriculture 25(8): 635-640.
- Cosentino C, Paolino R, Musto R, and Freschi P. 2015. Innovative use of jenny milk for sustainable rearing. In: Sustainability of Agro-Food and National Resource Systems in the Mediterranean Basin (Vastola A ed.), Springer International Publishers. pp.113-132.
- Crichton GE, Bryan J, Buckley J, and Murphy KJ. 2011. Dairy consumption and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of findings and methodological issues. Obesity Review 12(5):e190-e201.
- Deng Y, Misselwitz B, Dai N, and Fox M.2015. Lactose intolerance in adults: biological mechanisms and dietary management. Nutrients (Review) 7(9):8020-8035.
- Dietrich CM, Felice JP, O'Sullivan E, and Rasmussen KM. 2013. Breast feeding and health outcome for the mother-infant dyad. Pediatric clinics of North America.60(1):31-48.
- Duteurtre G. 2015. On the origins of dairy farming in North Vietnam. Food, Feeding, and Eating in and out of Asia, 7th International ADI Conference 24-26 June 2015, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Ensminger ME and Parker RO. 1986. Sheep and Goat Science. 5th Ed. Interstate Printers and Publishers, Danville, IL, USA.
- FAO. 2008. Smallholder dairy development Lessons learned in Asia. Corporate Document Repository, FAO, Rome Italy.
- FAO. 2013. Milk, whole fresh cow producers. FAO, Rome Italy.
- Flatz G and Rothauwe HW. 1971. Evidence against nutritional adaptation of intolerance of lactose. Humangenetik 13 (2):118-125.
- Gantner V, Mijic P, Barbab M, Skirtic Z, and Turalija A. 2015. The overall ft composition of milk of various species. Mijekarstvo 64 (4):223-231.
- GOI. 2002. Basic Dairy Husbandry Statistics. Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi.
- Graf S, Egert S, and Heer M. 2011. Effects of whey protein supplements on metabolism: evidence from human intervention studies. Current Opinion in Clinical and Nutrition Metabolism Care 14(6): 569-580.
- Grasburger P, Sebera M, Hirazdira E, Cacek J, and Kalina T. 2016. Major correlates of male height: A study of 105 countries. Economics & Human Biology 21:172-195.
- Gueguen L and Pointillart A. 2000. The bioavailability of dietary calcium. Journal of American College of Nutrition 19(2 suppl): 119S-136S. (doi : 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718083)1
- Guo HY, Pang K, Zhang XY, Zhao L, Chen SW, Dong ML, and Ren FZ. 2007 .Composition, physiochemical properties, nitrogen fraction distribution, and amino acid profile of donkey milk. Journal of Dairy Science 90 (4):1635-43.
- Hall JE and Guyton AC. 2006. Text book of medical physiology. Elsevier Saunders St. Louis, Mo, USA.
- Hayden B. 2009. The proof is in the pudding: feasting and the origin of domestication. Current Anthropology 50950:591-595.
- Hess J and Slavin J. 2016. Defining 'protein foods' foods. Nutrition Today 51(3):117-120.
- Hinrichs J. 2014. Dairy Value Chain Assessment for Yangoon and Mandalay Region, Myanmar. Asian Dairy Network (AND) Working Paper No. 1, FAO Regional Office for the Asia and the Pacific (FAORAP), Bangkok, Thailand.
- Ianco G, Garroccio A, Cavatio F, Montaldo G, and Balsno V. 1992. Use of ass's milk in multiple food allergy. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenetorology and Nutrition 14:177-181.
- Indra R. 1997. Milk and Milk Products. State University of Agriculture, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
- Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, CeVine D, Trikalinos T, and Lau L. 2007. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evidence Report/Technical Assessment 153:1-186.
- Igor K. 2015. Fresh hopes for local dairy producers. Khmer Times, 31 March, 2015. Jakubowicz D and Froy O. 2013. Biochemical and metabolic mechanisms by which dietary whey protein may combat obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Nutrition and Biochemistry. 24(1):1-5.
- Kallenbach R, Kerley M, and Bishop-Hurley G. 2006. Cumulative forage production, forage quality and livestock performance from an annual ryegrass and cereal rye in a pine-walnut silvopasture. Agroforestry Sytems 66:43-53.
- Kimura B, Marshall FB, Chen S, Rosenbom S, Moehlman PD, Tuross N, Sabin RC, Peters J, Barich B, Yohannes H, Kebede F, Teclai R, Beja-Pereira A, and Mulligan CJ. 2011. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication.Proceedings Biological Science. 278 (1702) : 50-57 .(doi : 10.1098/rspb.2010.0708. Epub 2010 Jul 28.)
- Kugler W, Grunenfelder HP, and Broxham E. 2008. Donkey Breeds in Europe: Inventory, Description, Need for Action, Conservation; Report 2007/2008. Monitoring Institute for Rare Breeds and Seeds in Europe. St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Kumar S, Nagarajan M, Sandhu JS, Kumar N, and Behl V. 2007. Phylography and domestication of Indian River buffalo. BMC E volu tionary Biology 7 : 186 (doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-7-186).
- Kunz C, and Lonnerdal B.1990. Human-milk proteins: analysis of casein and casein subunits by anion-exchange chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and specific staining methods. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 51(1): 37-46.
- Kurien V. 2005. I too had a dream. Roli Books Pvt Ltd., India.250pp.
- Maisels C K . 1999 . The Near East : Archaeology in the Cradle of Civilization. Routledge, London, UK.
- Manidi RS, Kulkarni B, and Singh A. 2011. Secular trends in height in different states of Indian relation to socio-economic characteristics and dietary intakes. Food & Nutrition Bulletin 32 (1): 23-34.
- McBean LD and Miller GD. 1998. Allaying fears and fallacies about lactose intolerance. Journal of American Diet Association 9 8 ( 6 ) : 671 - 676 (doi : 10 .1016 /S0002 8223(98)00152-7.)
- McDougall I, Brown FH, and Fleagle JG. 2005. Strategic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433(7027):733-736.
- McGregor RA and Poppitt SD. 2013. Milk protein for improved metabolic health: a review of the evidence. Nutrition & Metabolism (Lond). 10: 46-52. (doi: 10.1186/1743-707510-46)
- Misra SS, Sharma A, Bhattacharya TK, Kumar P, and Sahu RS. 2008. Assessment of breed and polymorphism of α-s1 and α-s2 casein genes with milk quality and dairy milk and constituent yield traits of buffalo (Bubalus bubali). Buffalo Bulletin 27:294 -301.
- Muelhoff E, Bennett A, and McMohan D (Tech Ed). 2013. Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition. Food & Agriculture Organization of UN, Rome, Italy. 376pp.
- Musaka-Mugerwa F. 1981. The Camel (Camelus domedarius) - A biographical Review. International Livestick Centre for Africa, Ethiopia. Monograph. 5.
- Naderi S, Hamid-Reza R, Francois P, et al. 2008. The goat domestication process inferred from large scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences, U S A, 105(46):17659 -17644.
- Nowson CA. 2010. Prevention of fractures in older people with calcium and vitamin D . Nutrients 2(9): 975 - 84. ( doi : 10.3390/nu2090975. Epub 2010 Sep 16) O'Conner VCS.1993. The Silken East: A Record of Life and Travel in Burma (1904). Gartimore, Stirling, UK.
- Okada T . 2004 . Effect of cow milk consumption on longitudinal height gain in children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (4): 1088 -1089.
- Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasprov A, Zabert V, Thorpe N, and Evershed RP. 2009. The earliest horse harnessing and milking. Science 233:1332 -1335.
- Paddock W and Paddock P.1967. Famine 1975! America's Decision: Who Will Survive? Little Brown & Co., Boston, MA, USA.
- Pairaudeau NL. 2015. Coming with the milk: Indian migrant dairymen in colonial Southeast Asia. Food, Feeding, and Eating in and out of Asia,7th International ADI Conference 24-26 June 2015, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Pal S and Radavelli-Bagatini S. 2013. The effects of whey protein on cardiometabolic risk factors. Obesity Review 14(4): 324 -343.
- Park YW and Haenlein GFW (eds). 2008. Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals. John Wiley. 293p.
- Phillips RW, Tolstoy LA, and Johnson RG. 1946. Yaks and yak-cattle hybrids. Journal of Heredity 37: 163-170 & 207-215.
- Prasad R. 2013. Population growth, food shortages and ways to alleviate hunger. Current Science 105 (1):32-36.
- Prasad R, Shivay YS, and Kumar D. 2014, Agronomic biofortification of cereal grains with iron and zinc. Advances in Agronomy 125:55-91.
- Prasad R, Shivay YS, and Nene, YL. 2016a. Asia's contribution to the evolution of agriculture: creativity, history, and mythology. Asian Agri-History 20 (4):233-250.
- Prasad R, Majumdar K, Shivay YS, and Kapil U. 2016b. Minerals in Plant and Human Nutrition and Health. International Plant Nutrition Institute, Georgia, USA. 80pp.
- Qin LQ, Xu JY, Han SF, Zhang ZL, ZhaoYY, and Szeto IM. 2015. Dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: an updated meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 24(1):90-100.
- Rai P.1999. Comparative growth and biomass production of MpTS at 8 years of establishment under natural grassland in medium black soils in the semi-arid conditions of Jhansi. Range Management & Agroforestry 20 (1):94-97.
- Ralston RA, Lee JH, Truby H, Palermo CE, and Walker KZ. 2012. A systematic review and meta-analysis of elevated blood pressure and consumption of dairy foods. Journal of Human Hypertension 26(1):3-13. (doi: 10.1038/jhh.2011.3.)
- Rangarajan S and D'Souza GA. 2007. Restless syndrome in Indian patients having iron deficiency anemia in a tertiary care hospital. Sleep Medicine 8:247-251.
- Rice BH, Cifelli CJ, Pikosky MA, and Miller GD. 2011. Dairy components and risk factors for cardiometabolic syndrome: recent evidence and opportunities for future research. Advances in Nutrion 2(5):396-407.
- Robinson MR, Hemani G, Medina Gomez C, Mezavilla M et al (more than 40 authors). 2015. Population genetic differentiation of length and body mass index across Europe. Nature Genetics 47:1357-1362.
- Rozenberg S , Body JJ , Bruyère O,Bergmann P, Brandi ML, Cooper C, Devogelaer JP, Gielen E, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM, Rizzoli R, and Reginster JY. 2016. Effects of dairy products consumption on health: benefits and beliefs A commentary from the Belgian Bone Club and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International 98: 1-17.(doi: 10.1007/s00223-015-0062-x)
- Rossel S, Marshall F, Peters J, Pilgram T, Adams MD, and O'conner D. 2008. Domestication of the donkey: Timing, processes and indicators. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences, USA,105 (10):3715-3720.
- Sacks FM, Willet WC, Smith A, Brown LE, Rosser B, and Moore TJ. 1998. Effect of blood pressure on potassium, calcium and magnesium with low habitual intake. Hypertension 31:131-138.
- Saha J. 2006. Milk to Mandalay: Dairy consumption, animal history and the political geography of colonial Burma. Journal of Historical Geography 5 4 : 1 - 1 2 . ( d o i : 10.1016/j.jhg.2016.05.016).
- Saha S. 2001. Vegetative composition and structure of Tectonagrandis (Teak, Family Verbanaceae) plantation and dry deciduous forests in Central India. Forest Ecology & Management 148:159 -167.
- Salimei E and Fantz F. 2012. Equid milk for human consumption. International Dairy Journal 24:130-142.
- Sarkar P, Lolith Kumar DH, Dhumal C, Panigrihi S, and Choudhary R. 2015. Traditional and ayurvedic foods of Indian origin. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2(3): 97-109.
- Savaiano DA, Boushey CJ, and McCabe GP. 2006. Lactose intolerance symptoms assessed by meta-analysis: a grain of truth that leads to exaggeration. Journal of Nutrition 136 (4):1107-1113.
- Sawaya WN, Khalil JK, Al-Shalhat A, and A l - M o h a m m e d H . 1 9 8 4 . Chemical composition and nutrional quality of camel milk. Food Science 49(3):744-747.
- Scarre C. 1993. Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World. D. Kinderseler, London.176pp.
- Schaafsma G. 2000. The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score. Journal of Nutrition 130:1865S-1867S.
- Simoons FJ. 1969. Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit- problems in biological and cultural interaction.1. Review of the medical research. American Journal of Digestive Diseases 14 (12):819-836.
- Simoons FJ. 1970.The initial limits of milking and milk use in South Asia. Anthropos 65:547-593.
- Smit E, Nieto FJ, Crespo CJ, and Mitchell P. 1999. Estimates of animal and plant protein intake in US adults: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Journal of the American Dietetic Association99 (7):813*820. (doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00193-5.)
- Smith HA. 2015. Becoming intolerant: how the rise of milk culture made china sick. Asia. Food, Feeding, and Eating in and out of Asia, 7th International ADI Conference 24-26 June 2015, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Kataria RS, Mishra BP, and Joshi BK. 2012. Milk proteins and human health: A1/A2 milk hypothesis. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 16 (5): 856. (doi : 10.4103/2230-8210.100685)
- Soedamah-Muthu SS, Verberne LD, Ding EL, Engberink MF, and Geleijnse JM. 2012. Dairy consumption and incidence o f hypertension: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Hypertension 60( 5 ) : 1131 - 1137 . (doi :10 .1161 / HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.195206).
- Soliman GZA. 2005. Comparison of chemical and mineral content of milk from human, cow, buffalo, camel and goat in Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 21:116-130.
- Sousa GT, Lira FS, Rosa JC, de Oliveira EP, Oyama LM, Santos RV, and Pimentel GD. 2012. Dietary whey protein lessens several risk factors for metabolic diseases: a review. Lipids Health Disease11:67-73.
- Su VV, Dinh KV, Mac BH, and Dai L. 1989. Milk production from Murrah buffalo (19781989), Buffalo and Grass Research Centre, Vietnam.
- Swallow DM. 2003. Genetics of lactose persistence and lactose intolerance. Annual Review of Genetics 37:197219.
- Swaminathan MS. 2013. Genesis and growth of the yield revolution in wheat in India: lessons for shaping our agricultural destiny. Agricultural Research 2 (3):183-188.
- Tsakahashi E. 1984. Secular trend in milk consumption and growth in Japan. Human Biology 56:427-437.
- Tang BMP, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, and Bensoussan A. 2007. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a metaanalysis. Lancet 370(9588):657-666. (doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61342-7)
- USDA. 2011. National Database for Selected References. US Department of Agriculture, Maryland.
- USDA. 2013. National Nutrient Datbase for standard Reference Release 26 . (http.//www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl)
- USDA. 2016. India-Dairy and Products Annual 2016. Foreign Agricultural Statistics-Gain Report IN6126, September 26, 2016, US Department of Agriculture, USA.
- Vissers PA, Streppel MT, Feskens EJ, and de Gischolar_main LC. 2011. The contribution of dairy products to micronutrient intake in the Netherlands. Journal of American College of Nutrition 30(5 Suppl 1): 415S-421S.(doi: 10.1080/07315724.2011.10719985)
- Weaver CM, Proulx WR, and Heaney R. 1999. Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70:543S-548S.
- Weaver S. 2005. Sheep: Small Scale Sheep Keeping for Pleasure and Prot, Hobby Farm Press, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Wilson DE and Reeder DM (eds). 2005. Bostaurus. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd Ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Wilt TJ, Shaukat A, Shamliyan T, Taylor BC, MacDonald R, Tacklind J, Rutks I, Schwarzenberg SJ, Kane RL, and Levitt M.2010. Lactose intolerance and health. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment 192:1-410.
- WHO. 2011. Global Strategy on Infant and Young child feeding. World health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Yang DY, Liu L, Chen X, and Speller CF. 2008. Wild domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient buffalo remains from China. Journal of Archeological Science 35:2778-2785.
- Yanwen Q. 1979. The Origin of Domestic Animals. China Science Press. Beijing.
- Yual I, Jones BL, Ingram CJE, Swallow DM, and Thomas MG. 2010. A worldwide correlation of lactose persistence phenotypes and genotypes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10:36. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-36]
- Zedar MA (e d ). 2006. Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms. University of California Press, USA. 264pp.
- Panchtatva, Agriculture, and Sustainability of Life on Earth
Abstract Views :299 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, IN
1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, IN
Source
Asian Agri-History, Vol 20, No 3 (2016), Pagination: 141-154Abstract
According to ancient Indian scriptures including the recent Ramcharitmanas, five elements of nature, namely, earth, water, fire, sky, and wind are responsible for the creation, survival, and sustainability of human life on earth. The earth's gravitational force keeps all non-living and living objects stable and on ground. Earth provides land for agriculture and nutrients for plants that provide food for humans and animals. Earth provides the place for dwellings and is a store house of coal and fossil fuels that provide energy for locomotion and industry. Water is essential for life and water ways have been used for navigation since times immemorial. Hydel power also provides electricity. Fire is well known purifier even now and helps in cooking raw food. Energy is required for all mechanical and biological processes. Solar energy is essential for photosynthesis. Solar power is now being used for generating electricity, lightening homes, and for driving cars. Wind has oxygen, without which humans and many animal species cannot survive. Wind also has carbon dioxide the source of carbon in photosynthesis, the process responsible for manufacture of food by plants and the very basis of agriculture. Wind also has nitrogen, the source of protein for humans, and other living beings. Trade winds were responsible for the movement of people and goods in pre-motor-powered-ship era. Wind power is now being utilized for generating electricity. Sun, moon, clouds, and nitrogen in the sky are important for life on earth. Thus the present advancements made in understanding and utilizing the five elements of nature, prove the vision of our ancient sages and their careful management is the only way for a sustainable living on the planet earth.References
- Barker R, Dawe D, Tuong TP, Bhuiyan SI, and Guerra LC. 1998. The outlook for water resources in the year 2020: Challenges for research on water management in rice production. In " Assessment and Orientation Towards the 21st Century". 7-9 September 1998. Proceedings of 19th Session of the International Rice Commission, Cairo, Egypt, FAO. pp. 96-109.
- CEA. 2015. Growth of electricity centre in India from 1947-2015. Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India, New Delhi.
- Campbell NA, Willamson B, and Hayden RJ. 2006. Biology Exploring Life. Boston, USA, Pearson Prentice-Hall.
- Das P and Tamminga K. 2012. The Gangesand the GAP: an assessment of efforts to clean a sacred river. Sustainability 8(4):1647-1668.
- Egger AE. 2015. The composition of earth's atmosphere. Visionlearning Inc., National Science Foundation and the US Department of Education, USA (via internet).
- FAO . 2015 . AQUASTAT, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome (aquastat@fao.org).
- Garbyal SS. 1999. Jhuming (shifting cultivation) in Mizoram (India) and new land policy-how far has succeeded in containing the primitive agricultural practice. Indian Forester 125(2):137-148.
- Griffith RTH. 2005. Based on 'The Hymns of Rig Veda' translated with proper commentary by Ralph T H Griffith and edited by Prof J L Shastri, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, New Delhi, new revised edition 1973, reprint 2004 and 'Hymns of Rig Veda' translated into English with a popular commentary. Munshiram Manoharlal publishers, New Delhi, reprint 1999.
- Guyton AC. 1991. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th Ed, Philadelphia, USA, WB Saunders.
- Hamner S, Tripathi A, Mishra RK, Bouskill N, Broadway SC, Pyle BH, and Ford TE. 2006. The role of water use patterns and sewage pollution in incidence of waterborne/enteric diseases along the Ganga river in Varanasi, India. International Journal of Environment and Health Research 16(2):113 -132.
- India Abroad. 2015. Renewable energy, made in India. India Abroad, New York, 2nd October 2015, pp. A17.
- Marshall CP and Fairbridge RW (Eds.). 1999. Encyclopedia of Geochemistry, Dordrecht, Netherlands, Kluwer.
- Menon Supriya. 2015. How is the world's First solar powered airport fairing. BBC News, Features & Analysis, 8th October, 2015.
- Misra AK, Saxena A, Yaduvanshi H, Mishra A, Bhadauria Y, and Thakur A. 2007. Proposed river-linking project of India: A boon or bane to nature. Environmental Geology 51(8):1361-1376.
- NRC. 2010. Advancing the Science of Climate Change. National Research Council, National Academic Press, Washington, DC, USA.
- Narayanan DL, Saladi RN, and Fox JL. 2010. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. International Journal of Dermatology 40(9):978-986.
- Nene YL. 2009. Indigenous knowledge in conservation agriculture. Asian Agri-History 13(4):321-326.
- Pathak H. 2013. Nitrogen and climate change: Interactions, impacts, mitigation and adaptation. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science 60:109-119.
- Prasad R. 2011. Aerobic rice systems. Advances in Agronomy 111:207-255.
- Prasad R. 2012. The planet earth, life, and agriculture-science, mythology, and history. Asian Agri-History 16(2):111-122.
- Prasad R and Shivay YS. 2015. Fertilizer nitrogen for life, agriculture and the environment. Indian Journal of Fertilizers 11(8):47-53.
- Prasad R, Kumar D, Rana DS, Shivay YS, and Tewatia RK. 2014. Textbook of Plant Nutrient Management, Indian Society of Agronomy, New Delhi.
- Pushkar Y, Yano J, Sauer K, Boussac A, and Yachandra VK. 2008. Structural changes in Mn Ca cluster and the mechanism ofphotosynthetic water splitting. Proc National Academy of Science, USA 105(6):1879-1884.
- Randhawa MS . 1982 . A History of Agriculture in India. Vol III. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India, New Delhi. 422pp.
- Rao CNR. 1999. Understanding Chemistry, University Press, Hyderabad.
- Rutherford AW and Boussac A. 2004. Water photolysis in biology Science 303 : 1282-1284.
- Ravishankara AR, Daniel JS, and Portman RW. 2009. Nitrous oxide (N2O): the dominant ozone- depleting substance emitted in the 21st century. Science 326:123-125.
- Rohana Seneviratne. 2012. Divine, Panacean and Emancipative Water in Vedic Religion. Paper read at 37th Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, 23-25 March, 2012. Merton College, University of Oxford, UK .(http : //users. ox.ac.uk/~pemb3753/media/divine.water.pdf).
- Saini RP and Kumar A. 2006. Development of standard water mills in Uttarakhand. Himalyan Small Hydropower Summit, October 12-13, 2006, Dehradun, India.
- Sampat P. 1996. The river Ganges' long decline. World Watch 9(4):1-8.
- Schultze DG. 1989. An introduction to mineralogy In: Minerals in Soil Environment (Dixon JB, Weeds SB, eds.), Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI,USA, Book Series 1:1-37.
- Shah T. 2005. Groundwater and human development: Challenges and opportunities in livelihoods and environment. Water Science Technology 51(8): 27-37.
- Shirmah T, Rao KS, and Saxena KG. 2015. The shifting agricultural system (Jhum) and strategies for sustainable agroecosystems in northeast India. Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems 39:1154-1171.
- ToI. 2015. Drought hits 90 lakh famers in Maharashtra. Times of India February 3, 2015.
- Tuong TP and Bouman BAM. 2003. Rice production in water-scarce environments. In: Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvements"(Kijne JW, Barker R, and Molden, eds.), pp. 53-67. CABI Publishing, UK.
- USGS. 1984. The hydrologic cycle, US Geological Survey Pamphlet (USGS Water Science School, via internet).
- Vesci UM. 1985. Heat and Sacrific in the Vedas. Moti Lal Banarsidass Publishers, New Delhi.
- Warda AK. 1989. Indian Kavya Literature. South Asia Books, New Delhi.
- Wilhelm E. 2006. Graha Sutras. San Diego, USA, Kala Occult Publishers.
- Wright C J and Gallun R A . 2008 . Fundamentals of Oil and Gas Accounting, 5th Ed, Penn Well Books, Tulsa. OK, USA.
- Yamori W. 2013. Improving photosynthesis to increase food and fuel production by biotechnological strategies in crops. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology 1:113 (doi 10.4172/2329-9029.1000.113).
- Some Historical Aspects of Indian Cotton and Cotton Textile Trade
Abstract Views :249 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi – 110012, Delhi, IN
1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi – 110012, Delhi, IN
Source
Asian Agri-History, Vol 22, No 3 (2018), Pagination: 178-186Abstract
Cotton is one of the greatest gifts that India has given to the world, and its cultivation goes back to even before the Vedic period. Europeans came to know of cotton only in the 5th century, when Alexander the Great attacked India. Even before the arrival of the Mughals, India was trading cotton with countries in the Middle East, continental Europe, and Egypt through the Silk Route. For the Mughals, this was the major export commodity and the trade through the Silk Route continued until 1498 CE, when the Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama landed at Kappadu near Kozhikode (formerly Calicut), in Kerala, and established the sea route for trade. The British East India Company established itself strongly after their victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French associates in the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757. Export of cotton textiles and calico to Britain started in a big way and continued up to the end of the 18th century. However, the development of spinning and weaving machinery, during the late 18th century in Britain, reversed the trade by the early 19th century, and India became merely an exporter of raw cotton to Britain. During the late 18th century, the British cotton industry was the largest in the world, but the Anglo-French wars during 1778–83 reduced their trade with continental Europe, and USA became their major export market for cotton goods. Britain also started to import raw cotton from USA. India’s cotton export to Britain suffered because of this. However, the American Civil War of 1861–65 blocked the supply of raw cotton from USA, and Britain again started imports from India. World War I (1914-17) completely shattered the British cotton industry and it never recovered, because other countries began to develop their textile industries. India now exports raw cotton mainly to neighboring Bangladesh and Pakistan, and to some Southeast Asian countries. India’s exports in 2016-17 were estimated at US$ 6.3 billion (12.2% of the global exports). However, India is now the leading producer of organic cotton, the market for which is on the increase, but here again the trend is towards decline in area and production.Keywords
Bt Cotton, Better Cotton Initiative, Calico, Cotton Textiles, East India Company, Muslin, Naturally-Coloured Cotton, Organic Cotton, Spinning Jenny, The Spinning Mule, The Water Frame.References
- Agarwal S. Daan and other giving traditions in India The forgotten pot of gold. New Delhi, India: Account Aid; 2010.
- BCI (Better Cotton Initiative). Better Cotton Production, Principles and Criteria explained. Better Cotton Initiative; 2013 Oct.
- Bhatia BM. Famines in India: A study in some aspects of the economic history of India with special reference to food problem. New Delhi, India: Konark Publishers; 1985.
- Bhole LM. Essays on Gandhian socio-economic thought. New Delhi, India: Shipra Publications; 2000.
- Brady EA. A reconsideration of the Lancashire Cotton Famine. Agricultural History 2000. 1963; 37(3):156–7.
- Broadberry S, Gupta B. Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600-1850. The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets, 23-25 Jun 2005. The Netherlands Utrecht: Utrecht University; 2005. Available from: http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/intro.php
- Burrel R. First ancient history. New York: Oxford University Press; USA; 1991.
- Chapman J. The cotton and commerce of India considered in relation to the interests of Great Britain. London: John Hopkins; 1851.
- Clingingsmith D, Williamson JW. India’s deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Harvard Economic History Tea. 5th World Cliometrics Conference; Venice. June 2004. Global Economic History Network, London School of Economics, London, UK; 2005.
- Dattel ER. Cotton and race in the making- The human costs and economic power. Chicago, USA: Ivan R. Dee Publishers; 2009. p. 416.
- EJF (Environmental Justice Foundation). The deadly chemicals in cotton. Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) in collaboration with Pesticide Action Network UK. London, UK; 2007. ISBN No. 1-904523-10-2.
- Elisseeff V. The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce. UNESCO Publishing/Berghahn Books; 2001.
- Ellison T. The cotton trade of Great Britain. New York, USA: AM Kelley; 1968.
- Feldmeth G, McDuffie J, Piggrem G, Woodworth SE. Advanced Placement (AP) United States History. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Research and Education Association (REA); 2011. p. 105.
- Freedman A. Genome sequencing highlights the dynamic early history of dogs. PLOS Genetics. 2014; 10(1):e1004016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016 PMid:24453982 PMCid:PMC3894170
- Fuller DQ. The spread of textile production and textile crops in India beyond the Harappan zone: An aspect of the emergence of craft specialization and systematic trade. Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past. Osada T, Uesugi A, editors. Indus Project Occasional Paper 3 series. Japan: Indus Project, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Kyoto; 2008. p. 1–26.
- Ghosh GK, Ghosh S. Indian Textiles: Past and Present. New Delhi, India: APH Publishing; 1995.
- Hagan J, McMaster MT, Stoker D. Strategy in the American war of independence: A global approach. London, UK: Routledge; 2009.
- Harle JC. The art and architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. 2nd ed. New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Yale University Press; 1994.
- Harnetty P. Cotton export and Indian agriculture. The Economic History. 1971; 24(3):414–29.
- Hustvedt G, Crews PC. Textile technology. Journal of Cotton Science. 2005; 9:47–56.
- Hustvedt G, Crews PC. Naturally colored cotton: resistance to changes. The Journal of Cotton Science. 1999; 3:1–49.
- Jayne KG. Vasco Da Gama and His Successors, 1460 to 1580. London, England: Meuthen and Co. Ltd; 1910.
- Lawrence J. Raj: The making and unmaking of British India. New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press; 2000.
- Logan FA. India- Britain’s substitute for American cotton- 1861-1865. The Journal of Southern History. 1958; 24(4):472–6. https://doi.org/10.2307/2954674
- Luttrell RG, Teague TG, Brewer MJ. Cotton insect pest management. Cotton. Fang DD, Percy RG, editors. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA. Agronomy Monograph. 2015; 57:509–46. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr57.2014.0072
- Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy, 18201992. OECD; 1995. p. 30.
- Majumdar SK. India’s late, late industrial revolution: Democratizing entrepreneurship. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139057455
- Moulherat C, Tengberg M, Haquet JRMF, Mille BT. First evidence of cotton at neolithic mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of mineralized fibres from a copper Bead. Journal of Archaeology and Science. 2002; 29(12):1393–401. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0779
- Naravane MS. Battle of the honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj. New Delhi: APH Pub Corp; 2014.
- Nene YL. A critical discussion on the methods currently recommended to support organic crop farming in India. Asian Agri-History. 2017; 21(3):267–85.
- New Internationalist. Cotton- A history. Issue 399; 2007. Available from: https://newint.org/features/2007/04/01/ history
- Panikkar KM. Asia and Western dominance: A survey of the Vasco da Gama Epoch of Asian history, 1498– 1945. (Newedn). London, UK: Allen and Unwin; 1959. PMid:14430131
- Prakash O. Empire, Mughal. History of World Trade since 1450. McCusker JJ, editor. Macmillan Reference USA; 2006. p. 237–40.
- Prasad R. Population growth, food shortages and ways to alleviate hunger. Current Science. 2013; 105(1):32–6.
- Prasad R, Shivay YS, Nene YL. Asia’s contribution to the evolution of agriculture: creativity, history and mythology. Asian Agri-History. 2016; 20(4):233–50.
- Prasannan P. Why Europe grew rich and asia did not: Global economic divergence, 1600–1850. Cambridge University Press; 2011. p. 2.
- Schmidt KJ. An atlas and survey of South Asian History. Routledge; 2015. p. 100.
- Schoen B. The fragile fabric of union, cotton, federal politics and the global origins of the civil war. Baltimore, USA: John Hopkins University Press; 2009.
- Silver AW. Manchester men and Indian Cotton- 18471872. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press; 1966.
- Singh P, Singh VV, Waghmare VN. Naturally coloured cotton. Central Indian Cotton Research Institute Bull; 2000. p. 10.
- Skoglund P, Ersmark E, Palkopoulou E, Dalén L. Ancient wolf genome reveals an early divergence of domestic dog ancestors and admixture into high-latitude breeds. Current Biology. 2015; 25(11):1515–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019 PMid:26004765
- Stein, B. A history of India. New York, USA: Blackwell Publishing; 1998.
- Textile Exchange. Organic Cotton Market Report; 2017.
- Thomas WO. King cotton in Alabama: A brief history. University of Alabama, USA: Alabama Heritage; 1963.
- Trending top most. Top 10 Largest Cotton Producing Countries in the World; 2017. Available from: http:// www.trendingtopmost.com/worlds-popular-listtop10/2017-2018-2019-2020-2021/agriculture/largest-cotton-producing-countries-world-best-qualityhighest/
- Twomey MJ. Employment in 19th century Indian textiles. Explorations in Economic History. 1983; 20:35–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(83)90041-4
- USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). National Organic Farming Handbook. USA: US Department of Agriculture; 2015. p. 43.
- Vreeland JM Jr. The revival of colored cotton. Scientific American. 1999; 280(4):112–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ scientificamerican0499-112
- Weaver S. Sheep: Small-scale sheep keeping for pleasure and profit. Irvine, CA, USA: Hobby Farm Press; 2005.
- Wilburn ME. The East India Company and the British Europe in the far East. California, USA: Stanford University Press; 1945.
- Wadsworth AP, Mann J de Lacy. The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Manchester University Press; 1931.
- WTEx (World’s Top Exports). Cotton Exports by Country; 2017 Dec 19.
- Sweeteners: From Ancient to Modern Times
Abstract Views :2881 |
PDF Views:3
Authors
Affiliations
1 6695 Meghan Rose Way, East Amherst, NY 14051, US
1 6695 Meghan Rose Way, East Amherst, NY 14051, US
Source
Asian Agri-History, Vol 22, No 4 (2018), Pagination: 237-249Abstract
Honey was the first sweetener to be discovered by humans in the ancient times. It remained the main sweetener in Europe until Alexander the Great’s visit to India in 326 BCE, when he came across the sweet-juice-producing sugarcane. Sugarcane originated in India during the Vedic period (1200–1000 BCE), and even today, most of the sugarcane grown all over the world has some genetic linkage to the ‘Noble’ canes bred at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR-SBI), India. The technology for making sugar from sugarcane juice was also first developed in India. The word sugar, as well as Saccharum, the generic name for sugarcane, are derived from the Sanskrit word sharkara. Sugar beet as a source of sugar was identified in Europe in the middle of the 18th century. Production of sugar syrups started much later. In recent times, the excess consumption of sugar and modern sedentary lifestyles created the problem of diabetes, triggering the search for non-sugar sweeteners. Saccharin, the world’s first and widely used artificial sweetener was accidentally discovered in 1879 in Germany. It was followed by the discovery of other artificial sweeteners, such asaspartame (APM), cyclamate, sucralose, acesulfame-k and neotame, which have been approved by different government authorities and are being marketed in many countries. Nevertheless, when taken in amounts more than the medically approved levels, they may cause health problems. This has made man turn back to Nature once again and search for natural non-sugar sweeteners. The most acceptable natural non-sugar sweetener today is ‘Stevia’, which had been known to people in South America since ages. Stevia is gaining popularity all over the world, and is reported to have antioxidant, antiviral, anti-hypertension, and anti-inflammatory properties. The two alcohol sweeteners erythritol and xylitol can also be considered as natural, since they are produced from natural products. Erythritol is produced from fermented fruits and foods, while xylitol is produced from hemicelluloses from hardwood. Yet another natural sweetener, licorice (mulethi), is mostly used as a flavoring agent and for medicinal purposes. Licorice, aspartame and cyclamate have nearly the same calorie value as sucrose, while xylitol has 63% calorie value as compared with sucrose. The rest of the non-sugar sweeteners are calorie-free.Keywords
Acesulfame-k, Aspartame, Cyclamate, Diabetes, Honey, Licorice, Neotame, Saccharine, Stevia, Sucralose, Sucrose, Sugarcane, Sugar Beet.References
- Acharya B. Ayurveda: Its Principles and Philosophies. New Delhi, India: Divya Prakashan; 2006. p. 206.
- Adas M (ed.). Agricultural and pastoral societies in ancient and classical history. Philadelphia, USA: Temple University Press; 2001. PMCid:PMC33189
- Anonymous. The inventor of saccharine. Scientific American, New series. 1886; 60(3): 36.
- Assirey E. Nutritional components of fruit of 10 date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Taibah University of Science. 2015; 9:75–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.07.002
- Audreith LF and Sveda M. Preparation and properties of some N-substituted sulphamic acids. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1944; 9: 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01183a011
- Basu CN. Sugarcane. 2nd Edition. New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers Ltd.; 1990.
- Bayton RP. A review of Borassus L (Aracaceae). Kew Bulletin. 2007; 62: 561–86.
- Bender B. Farming in pre-history: from hunter-gatherer to food production. London, UK: Billing and Sons; 1975. p. 68.
- Bhatt S. Why Indian farmers are struggling to ensure stevia becomes a product of the masses. The Economic Times. 2018 February 8.
- Boonkaewwan C, Toskulkao C and Vongsakul MJ. Anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory activities of stevioside and its metabolite steviol on THP-1 cells. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2006; 54: 785–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0523465 PMid:16448183
- Britzer M. Production of sweet sorghum for syrup in Kentucky. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY, USA; 2002.
- Butchko HH, Stargel WW, Comer CP, Mayhew DA, Benninger C, Blackburn GL, et al. Aspartame: review of safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2002; 35(2 Pt 2): S1–93. https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2002.1542 PMid:12180494
- Cardello HMAB, Da Silva MAPA, and Damasio MH. Measurement of the relative sweetness of stevia extract, aspartame and cyclamate/saccharin blend as compared to sucrose at different concentrations. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1999; 54(2): 119–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008134420339
- Carlson RD. The honey bee and apian imagery in classical literature. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin; Madison, WI, USA; 2015.
- Chan P, Xu D, Liu J, Chen Y, Tomlinson B, Huang W, and Cheng J. The effect of stevioside on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sciences. 1998; 63: 1679–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(98)00439-1
- Chaplin M and Bucks C. Enzyme Technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
- Chattopadhyay S, Raychaudhuri U and Chakraborty R. Artificial sweeteners - a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2014; 51(4): 611–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0571-1 PMid:24741154 PMCid:PMC3982014
- Ciesla WM. Non-wood Forest Products from Temperate Broad-leaved Trees. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome, Italy; 2002.
- Clauss K and Jensen H. Oxathiazinone Dioxides - "A New Group of Sweetening Agents". Angewandte Chemie - International Edition. 1973; 12(11): 869–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.197308691
- Cohen MN. Introduction: rethinking the origin of agriculture. Current Anthropology. 2009; 50(5): 591–5. https://doi.org/10.1086/603548 PMid:20642143
- Converti A, Parego P and Dominguez JM. Xylitol Production from Hardwood Hemicellulose Hydrosylates. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 1999; 82: 141–51. https://doi.org/10.1385/ABAB:82:2:141
- Crane E. The archaeology of beekeeping. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, New York, USA; 1983.
- Daniels J and Daniels CA. Geographical, historical and cultural aspects of the origin of the Indian and Chinese sugarcanes S. barberi and S. sinense. Sugarcane Breeding Newsletters. 1975; 36: 4–23.
- Day JL, Duncan RR, Raymer PL, Lovell GR, Thompson DS, Garett HD and Zummo N. Top 76-6: a new sweet sorghum variety for syrup production. The Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Georgia Griffin; GA, USA. Research Report No. 634; 1995.
- de Cock P, Makinen K, Honkala E, Saag M, Kennepohl E and Eapen A. Erythritol is More Effective Than Xylitol and Sorbitol in Managing Oral Health Endpoints. International Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 9868421. Published online 21 August 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9868421
- Dowling RN. Sugar beet and beet sugar. London, UK: Ernest Benn Limited; 1928.
- Eagleson J and Hasner R. The Maple Syrup Book. Erin, Ontario, Canada: The Boston Mills Press; 2006.
- Eteraf-Oskonei T and Najafi M. Traditional and modern uses of natural honey in human diseases: A Review. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2013; 16(6): 731–42.
- Fahlberg Cand Remsen I. Uber die oxydation des orthotoluolsulfamids. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin. 1879; 12: 469–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.187901201135
- Flatz G and Rothauwe HW. Evidence against nutritional adaptation of intolerance of lactose. Humangenetik. 1971; 13(2):118–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00295793 PMid:5114667
- Artificial sweeteners: No calories…sweet! FDA (Food and Drug Administration); 2006. Available from https://fda.gov/fdac/features/2006/406_sweeteners.html
- Fry J. The world market for intense sweeteners. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1999; 85: 201–11. https://doi.org/10.1159/000059691
- Gandhi M. Here are 5 unbeatable benefits of jaggary (aka gur). India Today. 24th December. 2015.
- Ghanta S, Banerjee A, Poddar A and Chattopadhyay S. Oxidative DNA damage preventive activity and antioxidant potential of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), a natural sweetener. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2007; 55(26): 10962-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071892q PMid:18038982
- Goldman RD. Honey for treatment of cough in children. Canadian Family Physician. 2014; 60(12): 1107–10. PMid:25642485 PMCid:PMC4264806
- Goldsmith LA and Merkel C. Sucralose. Alternative Sweeteners (Nabors OL, ed.). New York, USA: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 2001. p. 185–207. PMid:11878887
- Gratzer W. Light on sweetness: the discovery of aspartame. Eurekas and Euphorias: The Oxford Book of Scientific Anecdotes. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 32. PMCid:PMC117092
- Griffith RTH. The hymns of Atharvaveda. 2nd Edition. Varanasi, India: EJ Lazarus and Co. 1896; 2. PMid:20755995 PMCid:PMC2406265
- Grivet L, Daniels C, Glaczmann JC, and D’Hont A. A review of recent molecular genetics evidence of sugarcane evolution and domestication. Ethnobotany Research and Application. 2004; 2: 9–17. https://doi.org/10.17348/era.2.0.9-17
- Hunisigi G. Production of sugarcane: theory and practice. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78133-9
- Jenkins GH. Introduction to cane sugar technology. Elsevier. 2013. p. 486.
- Jones G. Stevia. NebGuide. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. NE, USA. Feb 2014.
- Kosmin PJ. The land of the elephant kings: space, territory, and ideology in the Seleucid Empire. Harvard, USA: Harvard University Press; 2014. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674416161 PMCid:PMC4200895
- Kuhn C, Bufe B and Winnig M. Bitter taste receptors for saccharin and acesulfame K. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004; 24: 10260-5. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1225-04.2004 PMid:15537898
- Lee TD. Sweeteners. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2000.
- Makinen K. Gastrointestinal Disturbances Associated with the Consumption of Sugar Alcohols with Special Consideration of Xylitol: Scientific Review and Instructions for Dentists and Other Health-Care Professionals. International Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 5967907. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5967907
- Malik R. India is the diabetes capital of the world. Mumbai Mirror, 28 January 2016.
- Mayhew DA, Meyers BI, Stargel WW, Comers CP, Andress SE and Butchko HH. Neotame. In Alternative Sweeteners (Nabors O, Ed.). CRC Press. 2012. p. 133.
- Mazur RH. Discovery of aspartame. Aspartame Physiology and Biochemistry (Stegink LD and Filer Jr. LJ, Eds.). New York, USA: Dekker; 1984; p. 3–9. PMid:6741139
- Mercola J and Pearsall K. Sweet deception. Why Splenda®, NutraSweet®, and the FDA may be hazardous to your health. Nashville, TN, USA: Thomas Nelson; 2006.
- Misra H, Soni M, Silawat N, Mehta D, Mehta BK and Jain DC. Antidiabetic activity of medium-polar extract from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. (Bertoni) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2011; 3(2): 242–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.80779 PMid:21687353 PMCid:PMC3103919
- Molinary S and Quinlan ME. Sucralose. Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology (Mitchell H, Ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2006. p. 130–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996003.ch8
- Moon HJ, Jeya M, Kim IW and Lee JK. Biotechnological production of erythritol and its applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2010; 86(4): 1017–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2496-4 PMid:20186409
- Mullick NP. Honey and beekeeping in the scriptures and after. Indian Bee Journal. 1944; 5-6: 108–14.
- Nathan DM and Delahanty LM. Beating Diabetes, First Edition. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
- NFCSF (National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories). Ansal Plaza, Block-C, 2nd Floor August Kranti Marg, New Delhi-110049, India. 2018. Available from https://coopsugar.org
- Noda K, Nakayama K and Oku T. Serum glucose and insulin levels and erythritol balance after oral administration of erythritol in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994; 48(4): 286–92. PMid:8039489
- Nofre C and Tinti J-M. Neotame: discovery, properties, utility. Food Chemistry. 2000; 69(3): 245057. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00254-X
- O’Donnell K. Carbohydrates and intense sweeteners. Chemistry and Technology of Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices, 2nd edn, (Ashurst PR, Ed.). Palese, Hereford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2005; p. 68–89.
- Parthasarthy N. Origin of noble sugarcanes (Saccharum officinarum). Nature. 1948; 161: 608.
- Prasad R. Historical aspects of milk consumption in south, southeast, and East Asia. Asian Agri-History. 2017; 21(4): 287–307.
- Prasad R, YS Shivay and YL Nene. Asia’s contribution to the evolution of agriculture: creativity, history, and mythology. Asian Agri-History. 2016; 20(4): 233–50.
- Quezada-Calvillo R, Robayo CC and Nichols BL. Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption. Saunders, Missouri, USA: Elsevier; 2006. PMCid:PMC1449008
- Remsen I and Fahlberg C. On the oxidation of substitution products of aromatic hydrocarbons. IV. - On the oxidation of ortho toluene sulphamide. American Chemical Journal. 1880; 1(6): 426–39.
- Renwick AG, Thompson JP, O’Shaughnessy M and Walter EJ. The metabolism of cyclamate to cyclohexylamine in humans during long-term administration. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2004; 96: 367–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2004.01.013 PMid:15094307
- Riley P, Moore D, Ahmed F, Sharif MO and Worthington HV. Can xylitol used in products like sweets, candy, chewing gum and toothpaste help prevent tooth decay in children and adults? Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015; (3): CD010743. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010743
- Saad A, Khan FA, Hayee A and Nazir MS. A review of potential toxicity of artificial sweeteners vs safety of Stevia, a natural bio-sweetener. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 2014; 4(15). ISSN 2224-3208 (paper) ISSN 2225-093X (online).
- Sampath Kumar KP, Bhowmick D, Chiranjib Biswajit and Chandira MR. Medicinal uses and health benefits of honey: an overview. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2010; 2: 385–95.
- Santos NC, de Araujo LM, De Luca Canto G, Guerra EN, Coelho MS and Borin MF. Metabolic effects of aspartame in adulthood: A systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized clinical trials. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2017; 10: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1304358
- Sathyavathi A, Bhoja Raju P, Bupesh KV and Naga Ravi Kiran T. Neotame: high intensity low caloric sweetener. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2010; 22(7): 5792–6.
- Shindou T, Sasaki Y, Miki H, Eguchi T, Hagiwara K and Ichikawa T. Determination of erythritol in fermented foods by high performance liquid chromatography. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 1988; 29(6): 419–22. https://doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.29.419
- Simoons FJ. Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: a problem in biological and cultural interaction. 1. Review of the medical research. American Journal of Digestive Diseases. 1969; 14(12): 819–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02233204
- Singh SD and Rao GP. Stevia: The herbal sugar of the 21st century. Sugar Technology. 2005; 7: 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02942413
- Sreenivasan TV. Inspiring indigenous sugarcanes of India. Sugar Technology. 2004; 6(3): 107–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02942710
- Stenhouse J. Examination of the proximate principles of some of the lichens. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, UK. 1848; 138: 63–89. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1848.0004
- Takahashi K, Matsuda M, Ohashi K, Taniguchi K, Nakagomi O, Abe Y, Mori S, Okutani NK and Shigeta S. Analysis of anti-rotavirus activity of extract from Stevia rebaudiana. Antiviral Research. 2001; 49(1): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-3542(00)00134-0
- Tarbuzani DM, Ahmed SEB and Abu-Tarbouch HM. Chemical composition, minerals and antioxidants of the heart of date palm for three Saudi cultivars. Food and Nutrition Science. 2014; 5: 1379–86. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2014.514150
- Tewari D, Mocan A, Parvanov ED, Sah AN, Nabavi SM, Huminiecki L, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Horbanczuk JO and Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological approaches for therapy of jaundice: Part I. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 15 Aug 2017; 8:518. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00518
- Tewari D, Mocan A, Parvanov ED, Sah AN, Nabavi SM, Huminiecki L, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Horbanczuk JO and Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological approaches for therapy of jaundice: Part II. Highly used plant species from Acanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Combretaceae and Fabaceae families. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 10 Aug 2017 10; 8:519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00519
- Thomas JE and Glade MJ. Stevia: it’s not just calories. Open Obesity Journal 2010; 2(1): 101–9. https://doi.org/10.2174/1876823701002010101
- van den Berg A, Timothy P and Mark I. Sugar Profiles of Maple Syrup Grades. Maple Syrup Digest. 2006; 12-13.
- Vasudevan DM. Textbook of biochemistry for medical students. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.; 2013.
- Vinutha KS, Rayaprolu L, Yadagiri K, Umakanth AV and Srinivasa Rao P. Sweet Sorghum Research and Development in India: Status and Prospects. Sugar Technology. 2014; 16(2): 133–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-014-0302-9
- Volksen W. Die Entdeckung der Starkeverzuckerung (Saurehydrolyse) durch G.S.C. Kirchhoff im Jahre 1811.1949. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.19490010203
- Walford SN. Composition of cane juice. Proceedings South African Sugar Technologists Association. 1996; 70: 265–6.
- WHO (World Health Organization). Global health Report on Diabetes 2016. World Health Organization; Geneva 27, Switzerland; 2016.
- White Jr JW and Doner LW. Honey composition and properties. Pages 82-91 in Beekeeping in the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Agriculture Handbook No. 335. (Revised). 1980; p. 193.
- Whitehouse C, Boullata J and McCauley L. The potential toxicity of artificial sweeteners. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses Journal. 2008; 56: 251–9. https://doi.org/10.3928/08910162-20080601-02
- Wiet SG and Beyts PK. Sensory characteristics of sucralose and other high intensity sweeteners. Journal of Food Science. 1992; 57: 1014–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1992.tb14345.x
- Yoshida S. Studies on the production of sweet substances in Stevia rebaudiana: I. Simple determination of sweet glycosides in Stevia plant by thin-layer chromato scanner and their accumulation patterns with plant growth. Japanese Journal of Crop Science. 1986; 55(2): 189–95. https://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.55.189
- Yuval I, Jones BL, Ingram CJE, Swallow DM and Thomas MG. A world wide correlation of lactose persistence phenotypes and genotypes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010; 10: 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-36